class Animal {
 public:
  // Intentionally not virtual:
  void Move(void) {
    std::cout << "This animal moves in some way" << std::endl;
  }
  virtual void Eat(void) = 0;
};

// The class "Animal" may possess a definition for Eat if desired.
class Llama : public Animal {
 public:
  // The non virtual function Move is inherited but not overridden.
  void Eat(void) override {
    std::cout << "Llamas eat grass!" << std::endl;
  }
};

template 
Vector& Vector::operator+=(const Vector& rhs)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
        value[i] += rhs.value[i];
    return *this;
}

#include 
using namespace std;

// Variable created inside namespace
namespace first
{
  int val = 500;
}
 
// Global variable
int val = 100;
// Ways to do it: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/namespace
namespace ns_name { declarations }
inline namespace ns_name { declarations }
namespace { declarations }
ns_name::name
using namespace ns_name;
using ns_name::name;
namespace name = qualified-namespace ;
namespace ns_name::inline(since C++20)(optional) name { declarations } 

// volume of a cube
int volume(const int s) {
 return s*s*s;
}
// volume of a cylinder
double volume(const double r, const int h) {
  return 3.1415926*r*r*static_cast(h);
}

std::vector items;
items.push_back(5);  // Append integer value '5' to vector 'items'.
items.push_back(2);  // Append integer value '2' to vector 'items'.
items.push_back(9);  // Append integer value '9' to vector 'items'.

for (auto it = items.begin(); it != items.end(); ++it) {  // Iterate through 'items'.
  std::cout << *it;  // And print value of 'items' for current index.
}

class Foobar {
 public:
  Foobar(double r = 1.0,
         double alpha = 0.0)  // Constructor, parameters with default values.
      : x_(r * cos(alpha))    // <- Initializer list
  {
    y_ = r * sin(alpha);  // <- Normal assignment
  }

 private:
  double x_;
  double y_;
};
Foobar a,
       b(3),
       c(5, M_PI/4);

// http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/functional/bind/
// bind example
#include      // std::cout
#include    // std::bind

// a function: (also works with function object: std::divides my_divide;)
double my_divide (double x, double y) {return x/y;}

struct MyPair {
  double a,b;
  double multiply() {return a*b;}
};

int main () {
  using namespace std::placeholders;    // adds visibility of _1, _2, _3,...

  // binding functions:
  auto fn_five = std::bind (my_divide,10,2);               // returns 10/2
  std::cout << fn_five() << '\n';                          // 5

  auto fn_half = std::bind (my_divide,_1,2);               // returns x/2
  std::cout << fn_half(10) << '\n';                        // 5

  auto fn_invert = std::bind (my_divide,_2,_1);            // returns y/x
  std::cout << fn_invert(10,2) << '\n';                    // 0.2

  auto fn_rounding = std::bind (my_divide,_1,_2);     // returns int(x/y)
  std::cout << fn_rounding(10,3) << '\n';                  // 3

  MyPair ten_two {10,2};

  // binding members:
  auto bound_member_fn = std::bind (&MyPair::multiply,_1); // returns x.multiply()
  std::cout << bound_member_fn(ten_two) << '\n';           // 20

  auto bound_member_data = std::bind (&MyPair::a,ten_two); // returns ten_two.a
  std::cout << bound_member_data() << '\n';                // 10

  return 0;
}

switch(expression) {
   case true  :
      break;
   default :
   //
   break;
}

/* A comment
*/

// A comment

double average(int count, ...)
{
 //
}

1 + 1;

#include 
#include 
int main(void)
{
  int *poin = malloc(4);
  free(poin);
}

// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/preprocessor/macros-c-cpp?redirectedfrom=MSDN&view=msvc-170
// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Macro-Arguments.html
#define min(X, Y)  ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y))
  x = min(a, b);          →  x = ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b));
  y = min(1, 2);          →  y = ((1) < (2) ? (1) : (2));
  z = min(a + 28, *p);    →  z = ((a + 28) < (*p) ? (a + 28) : (*p));

int pldb = 80766866;

//  If a header file is included within <>, the preprocessor will search a predetermined directory path to locate the header file. If the header file is enclosed in "", the preprocessor will look for the header file in the same directory as the source file.
#include 
#include "stdio.h"

double da = 3.3;
double db = 3.3;
double dc = 3.4;
int result = (int)da + (int)db + (int)dc; //result == 9

#include 
#define height 10
#ifdef
#endif
#if
#else
#ifndef
#undef
#pragma

// C/C++ program to check if a number is 
// even or not using goto statement 
#include  
using namespace std; 
  
// function to check even or not 
void checkEvenOrNot(int num) 
{ 
    if (num % 2 == 0) 
        goto even; // jump to even 
    else
        goto odd; // jump to odd 
  
even: 
    cout << num << " is evenn"; 
    return; // return if even 
odd: 
    cout << num << " is oddn"; 
} 
  
// Driver program to test above function 
int main() 
{ 
    int num = 26; 
    checkEvenOrNot(num); 
    return 0; 
}

struct account {
  int account_number;
  char *first_name;
  char *last_name;
  float balance;
};

/* hello world */
// hi

// Declare an external function
extern double bar(double x);

// Define a public function
double foo(int count)
{
    double  sum = 0.0;

    // Sum all the values bar(1) to bar(count)
    for (int i = 1;  i <= count;  i++)
        sum += bar((double) i);
    return sum;
}
// Symbol Table:
// Symbol name|Type|Scope
// bar|function, double|extern
// x|double|function parameter
// foo|function, double|global
// count|int|function parameter
// sum|double|block local
// i|int|for-loop statement

int i = 4; /* bit pattern equivalent is binary 100 */
int j = i << 2; /* makes it binary 10000, which multiplies the original number by 4 i.e. 16 */

#include 
int i, a[10];
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
  {
  assert(0 <= i && i < 10);
  a[i] = 10-i;
  }
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
  {
  assert(0 <= i && i < 10);
  assert(0 <= a[i] && a[i] < 10);
  a[a[i]] = a[i];
  }

"hello world"

int *ptr;

#include 
int main(void) { printf("%d", 1 ? 1 : 0); }

char character = 'P';

enum Gender {
  Male,
  Female,
};