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C

C - Programming language

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C is an open source programming language created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie.

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C (, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, including operating systems, as well as various application software for computers ranging from supercomputers to embedded systems. C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs, and used to re-implement the Unix operating system. Read more on Wikipedia...


Example from Compiler Explorer:
// Type your code here, or load an example. int square(int num) { return num * num; }
Example from Riju:
#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); return 0; }
Example from hello-world:
#include <stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello World\n"); }
Example from Linguist:
#ifndef HELLO_H #define HELLO_H void hello(); #endif
Example from Wikipedia:
#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf("hello, world\n"); }
C gets credit for the // comments, starting in 1972, but that's not really accurate. BCPL -- which begat B which begat C -- had // comments but they were not included in C until C99. C++ (which isn't included in their top 30 languages) brought back // comments from BCPL sometime between 1979 and 1985 (the first public release of cfront). Many C compilers included // comments as an extension prior to C99 but those were inspired by C++
auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while

Language features

Feature Supported Token Example
Scientific Notation โœ“
Conditionals โœ“
Constants โœ“
While Loops โœ“
Case Sensitivity โœ“
Assignment โœ“ =
Switch Statements โœ“
switch(expression) {
   case true  :
      break;
   default :
   //
   break;
}
Print() Debugging โœ“ printf
MultiLine Comments โœ“ /* */
/* A comment
*/
Line Comments โœ“ //
// A comment
Increment and decrement operators โœ“
Zero-based numbering โœ“
Variadic Functions โœ“
double average(int count, ...)
{
 //
}
Operators โœ“
1 + 1;
Manual Memory Management โœ“
#include 
#include 
int main(void)
{
  int *poin = malloc(4);
  free(poin);
}
Macros โœ“
// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/preprocessor/macros-c-cpp?redirectedfrom=MSDN&view=msvc-170
// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Macro-Arguments.html
#define min(X, Y)  ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y))
  x = min(a, b);          โ†’  x = ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b));
  y = min(1, 2);          โ†’  y = ((1) < (2) ? (1) : (2));
  z = min(a + 28, *p);    โ†’  z = ((a + 28) < (*p) ? (a + 28) : (*p));
Integers โœ“
int pldb = 80766866;
File Imports โœ“
//  If a header file is included within <>, the preprocessor will search a predetermined directory path to locate the header file. If the header file is enclosed in "", the preprocessor will look for the header file in the same directory as the source file.
#include 
#include "stdio.h"
Type Casting โœ“
double da = 3.3;
double db = 3.3;
double dc = 3.4;
int result = (int)da + (int)db + (int)dc; //result == 9
Directives โœ“
#include 
#define height 10
#ifdef
#endif
#if
#else
#ifndef
#undef
#pragma
Gotos โœ“
// C/C++ program to check if a number is 
// even or not using goto statement 
#include  
using namespace std; 
  
// function to check even or not 
void checkEvenOrNot(int num) 
{ 
    if (num % 2 == 0) 
        goto even; // jump to even 
    else
        goto odd; // jump to odd 
  
even: 
    cout << num << " is evenn"; 
    return; // return if even 
odd: 
    cout << num << " is oddn"; 
} 
  
// Driver program to test above function 
int main() 
{ 
    int num = 26; 
    checkEvenOrNot(num); 
    return 0; 
}
Structs โœ“
struct account {
  int account_number;
  char *first_name;
  char *last_name;
  float balance;
};
Comments โœ“
/* hello world */
// hi
Symbol Tables โœ“
// Declare an external function
extern double bar(double x);

// Define a public function
double foo(int count)
{
    double  sum = 0.0;

    // Sum all the values bar(1) to bar(count)
    for (int i = 1;  i <= count;  i++)
        sum += bar((double) i);
    return sum;
}
// Symbol Table:
// Symbol name|Type|Scope
// bar|function, double|extern
// x|double|function parameter
// foo|function, double|global
// count|int|function parameter
// sum|double|block local
// i|int|for-loop statement
Bitwise Operators โœ“
int i = 4; /* bit pattern equivalent is binary 100 */
int j = i << 2; /* makes it binary 10000, which multiplies the original number by 4 i.e. 16 */
Assert Statements โœ“
#include 
int i, a[10];
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
  {
  assert(0 <= i && i < 10);
  a[i] = 10-i;
  }
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
  {
  assert(0 <= i && i < 10);
  assert(0 <= a[i] && a[i] < 10);
  a[a[i]] = a[i];
  }
Strings โœ“
"hello world"
Pointers โœ“
int *ptr;
Ternary operators โœ“
#include 
int main(void) { printf("%d", 1 ? 1 : 0); }
Characters โœ“
char character = 'P';
Booleans โœ“
Enums โœ“
enum Gender {
  Male,
  Female,
};
Fixed Point Numbers X
Case Insensitive Identifiers X
Exceptions X
Classes X
Access Modifiers X
Semantic Indentation X
Operator Overloading X
Templates X
Multiple Inheritance X
Namespaces X
Garbage Collection X
Constructors X
Regular Expression Syntax Sugar X
Variable Substitution Syntax X

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